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Venice
City (pop.,2001 prelim.:266,181),capital of Veneto region,northern Italy.
Built on the lagoon of Venice,it encompasses some 118 islands,the whole 90-mi (145-km) perimeter of the lagoon,and two industrial mainland boroughs.Refugees from northern invasions of the mainland founded settlements in the 5th century AD that were built uniquely on islands as protection against raids.Venice was a vassal of the Byzantine Empire until the 10th century.Beginning with control of a trading route to the Levant,it emerged from the Fourth Crusade (1202–04) as ruler of a colonial empire which included Crete,Euboea,Cyclades,the Ionian Islands,and footholds in Morea and Epirus.In 1381 it defeated Genoa after a century-long struggle for commercial supremacy in the Levant and eastern Mediterranean.In the 15th century,with the acquisition of neighbouring regions,the Venetian Republic became an extensive Italian state.It gradually lost its eastern possessions to Ottoman Turks,with whom Venice fought intermittently from the 15th to the 18th century; it gave up its last hold in the Aegean in 1715.The republic dissolved and the territory was ceded to Austria in 1797.Incorporated into Napoleon's kingdom of Italy in 1805,it was restored to Austria in 1815.A revolt against Austria (1848–49) eventually resulted in Venice being ceded to Italy in 1866.It suffered little damage during World War II,but flooding along its many miles of canals caused severe damage in 1966.The waters of the lagoon rise and flood the city on a regular basis,complicating efforts to preserve its architecture,which includes representations of Italian,Arabic,Byzantine,and Renaissance styles.There are some 450 palaces and homes of major historic importance in Venice.Notable among its 400 bridges is the Bridge of Sighs (built с 800) and among its churches is St.Mark's Basilica.Most of the city's workers find employment in tourism and related industries,though the city also plays a key market role within the vibrant economic system of the Veneto region.
威尼斯 Venice
意大利北部主要港口,威尼托区的首府.建于威尼斯湖上,周围长145千米,包含118个岛屿和2个工业城镇.公元5世纪,许多大陆居民为躲避北部入侵者在湖诸岛定居.10世纪时是拜占廷帝国的属国.由于地处黎凡特商路的要冲,自第四次十字军(1202～1204)时期开始兴起,成为包括克里特、埃维亚、基克拉泽斯和爱奥尼亚群岛在内的一个殖民帝国的统治者,也是摩里亚采邑和伊庇鲁其采邑的据点.1381年在长达一个世纪的争夺黎凡特和东地中海商业优势的斗争中挫败了热那亚.15世纪,威尼斯共和国在取得邻近地区之后,成为一个疆域广大的意大利城郭.15～18世纪期间,威尼斯在与奥斯曼土耳其的断续战争中逐渐丢失了东部的属地.1715年放弃了爱琴海上的最后一个据点.1797年威尼斯共和国解体,其领土割给奥地利.1805年并入拿破仑的意大利王国,1815年复归奥地利.1848～1849年反抗奥地利的叛乱结束后,又归意大利(1866).第二次世界大战期间遭受破坏不大.市内有多条运河贯穿,1966年遭受洪灾.20世纪后期,全面努力控制市内的洪水和保护市内的建筑.威尼斯建筑具有意大利、拜占廷、哥特、阿拉伯和巴罗克式建筑的风格.有艺术、历史名胜约450处.包括著名的教堂圣马可教堂、宫殿、博物馆、艺术馆和剧院等.市里约有400座桥梁,其中叹息桥最著名,建于公元800年左右.主要经济活动为旅游业及其相关的工业,在活跃的威尼托地区经济体系中起着主要的市场作用.人口约293,732(1998).
