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英语翻译LESSON 2SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1. = ha≥:The sign was
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英语翻译
LESSON 2
SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1.
= ha≥:
The sign was frequently used alone in positions where we (for historical reasons) would expect
.Such a use of is indicated by transcribing it as ha≥.Most often this occurs in the combination
-aha≥ya- instead of -ahiya- found in the inscriptions of Xerxes.
Examples of ha≥ in other positions:ha≥z˝nam “the tongue,” ha≥πtataiy “it stands.”
Examples of hi:Hinduπ “India” (actually Sindh),Hinduya- “Indian.”
= h¨Ÿ-:
Original initial hu- or h¨- is written h¨Ÿ- in Old Persian,see the vocabulary.
= a≥r:
The sign was also used to spell oer,the Indo-Iranian so-called “vocalic r,” that is,an r used as a vowel
(CoerC; similar to American pronunciation of er in perhaps [poerhæps]).Such a use of ra is indicated here by
writing a≥r,for instance vaza≥rka-,cf.New Persian bozorg,with a≥r > or,as opposed to martiya-,Persian
mard,with ar > ar (see lesson 8).Vocalic r is always preceded by a sign,never or .
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.THE NOMINAL SYSTEM.
Nouns (substantives) can be 1.proper names (e.g.,D˝rayavahu-,Viπt˝spa-) or 2.common nouns
(appellatives,e.g.,xπ˝yaƒiya- “king,” puça- “son”).Many adjectives can be used as nouns as well,e.g.,
P˝rsa- “a Persian,Persian” (e.g.,army),or “Persia.”
There is no definite or indefinite article.Sometimes the numeral “one,” 1,aiva-,is used in the meaning
of “a single” or “a certain (one).” See also lesson 12 on the “specifying” or “delimiting” function of
relative clauses.
Nouns,adjectives,and pronouns can be of three genders (masculine = masc.,feminine = fem.,neuter =
neut.).There are three numbers (singular,dual,plural) and six cases (nominative,vocative,accusative,
genitive-dative,instrumental-ablative,locative).
Nouns and adjectives are classed in vocalic and consonantic declensions.Vowel-declension nouns have
a vowel before the ending (˝Ÿ,˘,¨Ÿ,ai,au),while consonant-declension nouns have a consonant before the
ending (most common:n,r,h,but also p,t,nt,d,ƒ).
The stem vowel a of the a-declensions is often referred to as the “thematic vowel” and the a-declensions
as “thematic declensions” vs.“athematic” declensions.The same terminology is used for verbs.优质解答
脚本.特别公约.1 . =公顷≥ ：该标志经常单独使用的立场,我们（由于历史的原因）希望 .这种使用是所指出的抄写它作为公顷≥ .最常发生这种情况的结合 -啊哈≥亚不是 - ahiya ,“ *- ahya - .拼写 - ahiya ,是 发现...
LESSON 2
SCRIPT.SPECIAL CONVENTIONS.1.
= ha≥:
The sign was frequently used alone in positions where we (for historical reasons) would expect
.Such a use of is indicated by transcribing it as ha≥.Most often this occurs in the combination
-aha≥ya- instead of -ahiya- found in the inscriptions of Xerxes.
Examples of ha≥ in other positions:ha≥z˝nam “the tongue,” ha≥πtataiy “it stands.”
Examples of hi:Hinduπ “India” (actually Sindh),Hinduya- “Indian.”
= h¨Ÿ-:
Original initial hu- or h¨- is written h¨Ÿ- in Old Persian,see the vocabulary.
= a≥r:
The sign was also used to spell oer,the Indo-Iranian so-called “vocalic r,” that is,an r used as a vowel
(CoerC; similar to American pronunciation of er in perhaps [poerhæps]).Such a use of ra is indicated here by
writing a≥r,for instance vaza≥rka-,cf.New Persian bozorg,with a≥r > or,as opposed to martiya-,Persian
mard,with ar > ar (see lesson 8).Vocalic r is always preceded by a sign,never or .
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.THE NOMINAL SYSTEM.
Nouns (substantives) can be 1.proper names (e.g.,D˝rayavahu-,Viπt˝spa-) or 2.common nouns
(appellatives,e.g.,xπ˝yaƒiya- “king,” puça- “son”).Many adjectives can be used as nouns as well,e.g.,
P˝rsa- “a Persian,Persian” (e.g.,army),or “Persia.”
There is no definite or indefinite article.Sometimes the numeral “one,” 1,aiva-,is used in the meaning
of “a single” or “a certain (one).” See also lesson 12 on the “specifying” or “delimiting” function of
relative clauses.
Nouns,adjectives,and pronouns can be of three genders (masculine = masc.,feminine = fem.,neuter =
neut.).There are three numbers (singular,dual,plural) and six cases (nominative,vocative,accusative,
genitive-dative,instrumental-ablative,locative).
Nouns and adjectives are classed in vocalic and consonantic declensions.Vowel-declension nouns have
a vowel before the ending (˝Ÿ,˘,¨Ÿ,ai,au),while consonant-declension nouns have a consonant before the
ending (most common:n,r,h,but also p,t,nt,d,ƒ).
The stem vowel a of the a-declensions is often referred to as the “thematic vowel” and the a-declensions
as “thematic declensions” vs.“athematic” declensions.The same terminology is used for verbs.
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